Reading Progress:

The Lie That Natural Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 Is Weak and Short-Lived

by Sep 13, 2021Economic Freedom, Articles, Health Freedom0 comments

(Photo by Raed Mansour, licensed under CC BY 2.0)
To push their mass vaccination agenda, public health authorities have been lying that natural immunity may be short-lived when science tells us otherwise.

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This is the third of an extensive series of articles about natural immunity to SARS‑CoV‑2 and how it compares to the immunity induced by COVID‑19 vaccines. Links to each installment of the series will be compiled on this overview page as they are published. I highly recommend that you be sure to have read prior installments to get the most out of this one.

In the previous article in this series, we looked at clear examples of how the public health establishment has been pushing the mass vaccination political agenda by treating natural immunity to SARS‑CoV‑2, the coronavirus that causes COVID‑19, as insufficient or even ignoring its existence altogether. Since I published that article, the Biden administration has provided a further illustration of this official ignorance by announcing its “Path Out of the Pandemic”, the first step of which calls for “Vaccinating the Unvaccinated”.

To that end, on September 9, 2021, the administration declared its intent to use the Department of Labor’s Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to threaten employers with penalties if they do not coerce their employees to get a COVID-19 vaccine. The new “rule” for businesses “will require all employers with 100 or more employees to ensure their workforce is fully vaccinated or require any workers who remain unvaccinated to produce a negative test result on at least a weekly basis before coming to work.” This requirement was estimated to impact over 80 million workers.

Tellingly, the threat of potential job loss for not getting fully vaccinated also goes for workers who are already naturally immune.[1]

Setting aside the illegality of any such “rule”, which is an exercise of lawmaking authority that the US Constitution did not delegate to the Executive Branch of government and which also violates the right to informed consent, the fact that the Biden administration is using such coercive means to compel even those with natural immunity to get vaccinated clearly illustrates that it is not about public health but about power, control, and profits for the pharmaceutical industry.

Just as instructively, Dr. Anthony Fauci, the director of the National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) under the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the chief medical advisor to President Joe Biden, had no answer to the question of why people with natural immunity were being coerced into getting vaccinated.

Fauci was confronted with the question during an appearance on CNN the day that Biden’s plan was announced. CNN’s chief medical correspondent, Dr. Sanjay Gupta, pointed out that a recent study by Israeli researchers showed that “natural immunity provides a lot of protection, even better than the vaccines alone.” Gupta asked whether naturally immune people should get vaccinated and, if so, “How do you make the case to them?”

Fauci’s convoluted reply was:

You know, that’s a really good point, Sanjay. I don’t have a really firm answer for you on that. That’s something that we’re going to have to discuss regarding the durability of the response. The one thing that paper from Israel didn’t tell you is whether or not as high as the protection is with natural infection, what’s the durability compared to the durability of a vaccine? So it is conceivable that you got infected, you’re protected, but you may not be protected for an indefinite period of time. So, I think that is something that we need to sit down and discuss seriously, because you very appropriately pointed out, it is an issue, and there could be an argument for saying what you said.[2]

Anthony Fauci answers a question about natural immunity to SARS-CoV-2 on CNN
Dr. Anthony Fauci, Director of the NIAID and chief medical advisor to President Joe Biden, discussing the administration’s newly declared vaccine mandate on CNN, September 9, 2021

Fauci’s largely incoherent response implied that we don’t know whether natural immunity will be long-lasting and that it’s possible that the immunity conferred by vaccination is more durable. If he were honest, what he would have said is that natural immunity is indeed superior and very durable, likely to endure for decades if not a lifetime, and that the Israeli study indeed demonstrated no significant benefit of vaccination for individuals with pre-existing natural immunity.[3]

Fauci’s reaction to the question also illuminates, however, how the propaganda narrative that has been pushed by the public health establishment since last year is falling apart as studies increasingly confirm the superiority of natural immunity. The fact that he did not claim that vaccination confers a significant benefit for people with pre-existing natural immunity and conceded that the argument could be made that vaccination is unnecessary for such individuals represents progress in terms of the truth getting out to the public.

As discussed in the introduction to this series, there have been three main arguments used to support the claim that natural immunity is inadequate and inferior and therefore that individuals who’ve recovered from infection with SARS‑CoV‑2 still need to get a COVID‑19 vaccine. In this installment, we will examine how the first of those arguments, which has served as the foundation upon which the other two arguments are built.

The first argument, again, is that science suggests that natural immunity affords insufficient and perhaps short-lived protection against COVID‑19. As will be shown in the next article in this series, this propaganda narrative is grounded in early claims that antibodies equal immunity and that antibodies to SARS‑CoV‑2 wane quickly after recovering from infection.

“Early evidence suggests natural immunity from COVID‑19 may not last very long…”

As an illustration of the argument, the CDC’s “Frequently Asked Questions about COVID-19 Vaccination” webpage has for many months claimed that natural immunity affords insufficient and possibly short-lived protection against COVID-19. Prior to December 30, 2020, that FAQ page had been telling people, “Early evidence suggests natural immunity from COVID‑19 may not last very long, but more studies are needed to better understand this.”[4] (Emphasis added.)

As I will document in future installments of this series, that was a lie as studies had already demonstrated that natural immunity was likely to be long-lasting. Instructively, the CDC updated the page on December 30 to remove the false claim that the scientific evidence indicated that natural immunity might be short-lived.[5]

Nevertheless, the CDC persisted in its deceitfulness. On January 15, 2021, the page was updated to start recommending that people who’ve already recovered from infection “still need to get vaccinated”. To support this claim, the CDC reasoned that reinfection was “rare” but “possible” and disingenuously stated that “Experts do not yet know how long someone is protected from getting sick again after recovering from COVID‑19.”[6]

The false message communicated by the CDC was thus that studies had not shown that natural immunity was robust, broad, and durable. When I accessed the page on July 1, in answer to the question of whether people who’ve recovered from COVID-19 should still get vaccinated, the CDC was telling the public (emphasis added):

Yes, you should be vaccinated regardless of whether you already had COVID‑19. That’s because experts do not yet know how long you are protected from getting sick again after recovering from COVID‑19. Even if you have already recovered from COVID‑19, it is possible—although rare—that you could be infected with the virus that causes COVID‑19 again.[7]

On August 19, 2021, the CDC’s answer to the question was updated to further claim that the immunity conferred by COVID-19 vaccines is superior to natural immunity. The CDC now boldly lies that “Evidence is emerging that people get better protection by being fully vaccinated compared with having had COVID-19.”[8]

(Photo: Raed Mansour/CC BY 2.0)
(Photo by Raed Mansour, licensed under CC BY 2.0)

In sum, to this day, the CDC persists in its claims that people who are naturally immune still need to get vaccinated because the duration of immunity is unknown—which, again, falsely implies that there’s no good evidence to suggest natural immunity will be long-lasting—and that the immunity conferred by vaccination is superior to that conferred by infection.[9]

“Evidence is emerging that people get better protection by being fully vaccinated compared with having had COVID-19.”

Precisely the opposite is true. As we will examine in great detail in future installments of this series, the evidence is now overwhelming that natural immunity is superior to the immunity conferred by COVID-19 vaccines.

Accompanying the CDC’s statements about effectiveness is the claim that it’s safe for people with pre-existing immunity to get the full recommended course of a COVID-19 vaccine. Since December 2020, the CDC has maintained, “Data from clinical trials indicate that mRNA COVID‑19 vaccines can safely be given to persons with evidence of a prior SARS‑CoV‑2 infection.”[10]

In fact, prior infection with SARS-CoV-2 was an exclusion criterion for the phase three clinical trials used by the vaccine manufacturers to obtain emergency use authorization or approval. Furthermore, there is evidence that individuals with pre-existing immunity are at greater risk of experiencing adverse events from vaccination.

As pointed out in a paper published in the journal Science on June 25, 2021, there is “a knowledge gap” about “how vaccination influences immune responses and protection among those who have had prior natural SARS‑CoV‑2 infection”. One major reason for this knowledge gap was that “previous infection was an exclusion criterion in Phase III vaccine trials.”[11]

“Data from clinical trials indicate that mRNA COVID‑19 vaccines can safely be given to persons with evidence of a prior SARS‑CoV‑2 infection.”

The same observation was made in a study published at the preprint server medRxiv on February 9, 2021, whose authors remarked that “large-scale clinical trials excluded individuals with a prior diagnosis of COVID‑19” and, consequently, that “little is known about the immune responses” to COVID-19 vaccines in individuals whose immune systems had already been primed by infection.[12]

A study published on the preprint server medRxiv on February 1, 2021, found that “the reactogenicity” of mRNA COVID‑19 vaccines “is significantly higher in individuals who have been infected with SARS‑CoV‑2 in the past”, meaning that people with pre-existing natural immunity are at higher risk of experiencing adverse events from vaccination.[13]

As stated by the authors of a study published in the European Journal of Internal Medicine on April 29, 2021, “Whereas Phase III vaccine trials generally excluded participants with previous immunization, vaccination of huge populations in the real life will inevitably include individuals with preexisting immunity. This might lead to excessively enhanced inflammatory and thrombotic reactions in occasional subjects. Further research is urgently needed in this area.”[14]

“I don’t have a really firm answer for you on that.”

The critically important question that public health officials such as Anthony Fauci have failed to provide a good answer to is why individuals with natural immunity should be not only encouraged but coerced into accepting the unnecessary risk of harm posed by vaccination.

Not to be outdone by the CDC in the propagation of disinformation, on March 28, 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) posted a video to Twitter similarly telling people who had already recovered from SARS‑CoV‑2 infection that they should still get vaccinated because scientists “don’t know about the duration of protection” from natural immunity.[15]

A World Health Organization (WHO) propaganda video encouraging people who are already immune to still get fully vaccinated.
A World Health Organization (WHO) propaganda video encouraging people who are already immune to still get fully vaccinated.

A few months later, on June 25, the CDC posted a poll to Twitter asking respondents to guess “true” or “false” to the following statement: “If you’ve already had #COVID19 and recovered, you should still get vaccinated against COVID‑19.”[16]

After it became apparent that the “false” answer would win the popularity contest and before the poll was closed, the CDC posted a desperate follow-up tweet telling people to answer “True! Experts do not yet know how long you are protected from getting sick again after recovering from #COVID19. Get your COVID‑19 vaccine as soon as you can.”[17]

Encouragingly, the final poll results showed that 72 percent of respondents recognized that the CDC’s claim that people who are already naturally immune require vaccination to have durable protection is false.[18]

Echoing the CDC’s disinformation, the Department of Health and Human Services here in Michigan, where I am writing from, is still providing the following answer to the question (italic emphasis added):

If I already had COVID‑19, should I get vaccinated? Shouldn’t I be immune?

Yes, you should still get the COVID‑19 vaccine, even if you have had COVID‑19. There is not enough information currently available to say if or how long after infection someone is protected from getting COVID‑19 again; this is called natural immunity. Early evidence suggests natural immunity from COVID‑19 may not last very long, but more studies are needed to better understand this.[19]

Taking their cue from government agencies, health care providers in Michigan have in turn been delivering the same disinformation to the public. On a page titled “COVID‑19 Vaccine Myths”, Munson Healthcare provides the following pseudo “fact check” (italic emphasis added):

I’ve already had COVID‑19, so I don’t need the vaccine.

False. Due to the severe health risks associated with COVID‑19 and the possibility of re-infection, you should receive the COVID‑19 vaccine at any time as long as you are not acutely ill. The immunity gained from having an infection, called natural immunity, varies from person to person. At this time, experts do not know how long someone is protected from getting sick again after recovering. Some early evidence suggests natural immunity may not last very long.[20]

On June 21, 2021, Munson published a page providing its answer to the question of whether it was safe to go out in public without wearing a mask. If you are fully vaccinated, Munson said, you can feel free to go maskless because your risk of getting COVID‑19 “is minimal” since the vaccines “are highly effective” and reduce the chance of you either getting the disease or “spreading the SARS‑CoV‑2 virus to unvaccinated people”; but if you are not yet vaccinated, “you are still at significant risk of getting and spreading COVID‑19”.

In contrast to the message that vaccines are highly effective at preventing infection and transmission of SARS‑CoV-2, Munson advised people with natural immunity to continue wearing a mask in public, reasoning that “Even if you’ve had COVID‑19 naturally, there is still a chance of reinfection.”[21]

The message thus conveyed to the public by Munson Healthcare was that the immunity conferred by vaccination is superior to natural immunity. Of course, there was also still a chance of infection for fully vaccinated individuals, but Munson evidently saw no need for logical consistency.

Munson’s message was a reflection of the CDC’s public health guidelines, as we saw in part two of this series. However, the underlying assumption that fully vaccinated individuals were at low risk of becoming infected and transmitting the virus—even lower than individuals with natural immunity—has proven false.

Instructively, on July 27, the CDC walked back its guidance by saying that fully vaccinated people, too, need to still wear a mask when out in public in areas with “substantial” community transmission. This was a tacit acknowledgment that, contrary to the original assumption, the vaccines do not prevent transmission of the circulating strains of SARS-CoV-2.

Nevertheless, the CDC maintained that people with natural immunity, like immunologically naïve individuals, should wear a mask when out in public even in areas where there is not substantial community transmission—thus once again falsely suggesting that natural immunity is inferior to that conferred by the vaccines.[22]

Following the CDC’s lead, Munson also walked back its claim, updating its webpage to advise that fully vaccinated people, too, should wear a mask in communities with “substantial” transmission. People with natural immunity, Munson suggested, should wear a mask even if there is not substantial transmission in the community.[23]

“Although infection likely provides some immunity to reinfection, we don’t know yet how long natural immunity lasts.”

Like health care providers, insurance companies, too, have been complicit in the propagation of official disinformation about natural immunity. For instance, on March 9, 2021, Blue Cross Blue Shield published an article that continues to offer the following medical advice:

I’ve already had COVID‑19. Do I still need to get vaccinated? Health experts recommend the COVID‑19 vaccine even for people who have had a COVID‑19 infection. Although infection likely provides some immunity to reinfection, we don’t know yet how long natural immunity lasts. So, it’s important to still get vaccinated even if you’ve had COVID‑19 to reduce the risk of reinfection—to protect yourself and others around you.[24]

Anthem Blue Cross Blue Shield has its own pseudo “fact check”, published on April 22, that literally declares the protectiveness of natural immunity to be a “myth”:

Myth: I already had COVID‑19, so I do not need to be vaccinated.

Fact: While previous COVID‑19 infection may provide a degree of protection against reinfection, it is unknown how long that protection lasts. While research is still being done, vaccination may provide longer lasting protection against COVID‑19, in addition to at least partial protection against new COVID‑19 variants.[25]

To summarize, the overwhelming message that the public has been receiving from the public health establishment is that natural immunity, if it exists at all, appears to be weak and inferior to the immunity conferred by vaccines.

This is an outrageous lie.

It is true, of course, that the duration of natural immunity remains presently unknown. But the argument that therefore naturally immune people need a vaccine is a non sequitur fallacy: the conclusion does not logically follow from the premise.

Of course, scientists also do not know how long vaccine-conferred immunity will last, but you don’t see public health officials proclaiming that this is a reason to believe that vaccines do not offer sufficient protection against COVID‑19—a logical inconsistency that is highly revealing.

Furthermore, what science has been telling us about natural immunity is precisely the opposite of the public health messaging. In truth, the scientific evidence has been telling us since the vaccines were first authorized for emergency use by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that natural immunity is robust, broad, and likely to be very long-lasting. By contrast, it is already evident that the protection afforded by vaccines is inferior to that afforded by natural immunity—as was reasonably anticipated by the scientific community from the start.

To understand how it can be that the great deception about natural immunity has persisted despite the contrary scientific evidence, we need to go back to the early months of the pandemic because it was very early on that the false premises upon which this deception is based were established.

That will be the purpose of the next installment in this series.


[1] The White House, “Path Out of the Pandemic: President Biden’s COVID‑19 Action Plan”, WhiteHouse.gov, September 9, 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/covidplan/; accessed on September 13, 2021, and archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20210913124826/https://www.whitehouse.gov/covidplan/.

[2] Anderson Cooper 360 Degrees, CNN, September 9, 2021, https://transcripts.cnn.com/show/acd/date/2021-09-09/segment/01; accessed on September 13, 2021, and archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20210913131046/https://transcripts.cnn.com/show/acd/date/2021-09-09/segment/01.

[3] Sivan Gazit et al., “Comparing SARS‑CoV‑2 natural immunity to vaccine-induced immunity: reinfections versus breakthrough infections”, medRxiv, August 25, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.08.24.21262415.

[4] CDC, “Frequently Asked Questions about COVID‑19 Vaccination”, updated December 20, 2020, archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20201229024002/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/faq.html.

[5] CDC, “Frequently Asked Questions about COVID-19 Vaccination”, updated December 29, 2020, archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20201230025030/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/faq.html.

[6] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Frequently Asked Questions about COVID-19 Vaccination”, CDC.gov, updated January 15, 2021, and archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20210115171516/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/faq.html.

[7] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Frequently Asked Questions about COVID‑19 Vaccination”, CDC.gov, updated June 15, 2021, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/faq.html; accessed July 1, 2021, and archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20210701231622/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/faq.html.

[8] CDC, “Frequently Asked Questions about COVID-19 Vaccination,” updated August 19, 2021, archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20210830142007/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/faq.html. That this is a lie will be demonstrated as we continue. For now, it’s sufficient to note that the study the CDC cites to support this claim does not support the claim. The CDC falsely states, “One study showed that unvaccinated people who already had COVID-19 are more than 2 times as likely than fully vaccinated people to get COVID-19 again.” In fact, contrary to this mischaracterization, the study did not compare rates of reinfection among individuals whose immune systems were primed by infection with rates of infection among individuals whose immune system were primed by vaccination. Rather, what CDC researchers did was to compare rates of reinfection between individuals who acquired natural immunity then got vaccinated with naturally immune individuals who remained unvaccinated. However, they did not demonstrate a long-term benefit of vaccination for naturally immune individuals. For one, they did not consider symptoms, and the cases they counted as “reinfections” may have been mostly asymptomatic, constituting a harmless natural boosting of immunity. A more appropriate comparison would have been to compare the rates of reinfection between unvaccinated individuals with two prior exposures to SARS‑CoV‑2 and individuals with one prior exposure who got vaccinated. Presumably, based on what we know about natural immunity from other studies, what this would show is that the boosting effect of a second exposure to the virus is superior to any boosting effect of vaccination. The CDC researchers failed to consider this opportunity cost of vaccination. See: Alyson M. Cavanaugh et al., “Reduced Risk of Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 After COVID-19 Vaccination — Kentucky, May–June 2021”, MMWR, August 6, 2021, http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7032e1.

[9] CDC, “Frequently Asked Questions about COVID-19 Vaccination,” updated September 9, 2021, accessed on September 13, 2021, and archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20210912185007/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/faq.html.

[10] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Interim Clinical Considerations for Use of mRNA COVID‑19 Vaccines Currently Authorized in the United States”, CDC.gov, reviewed August 31, 2021, accessed on September 13, 2021, and archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20210913024900/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/clinical-considerations/covid-19-vaccines-us.html. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Interim Clinical Considerations for Use of COVID-19 Vaccines Currently Approved or Authorized in the United States”, reviewed August 31, 2021, accessed September 13, 2021, and archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20210913024900/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/clinical-considerations/covid-19-vaccines-us.html.

[11] Catherine J. Reynolds et al., “Prior SARS-CoV-2 infection rescues B and T cell responses to variants after first vaccine dose”, Science, April 30, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abh1282.

[12] Marie I. Samanovic et al., “Poor antigen-specific responses to the second BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine dose in SARS-CoV-2-experienced individuals”, medRxiv, February 9, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.07.21251311. The publication name is pronounced “med archive”. A preprint server is an online journal where studies are published before passing through the peer review process, thus enabling rapid publication of findings with potentially great importance.

[13] Florian Krammer et al., “Robust spike antibody responses and increased reactogenicity in seropositive individuals after a single dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine”, medRxiv, February 1, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.29.21250653.

[14] Fabio Angeli et al., “SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: Lights and shadows”, European Journal of Internal Medicine, April 29, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2021.04.019.

[15] World Health Organization, “If you have already had #COVID19 do you still need both doses of the vaccine?” Twitter, March 28, 2021, https://twitter.com/WHO/status/1376262257483603973; accessed on September 13, 2021, and archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20210913144953/https://twitter.com/WHO/status/1376262257483603973.

[16] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “If you’ve already had #COVID19 and recovered”, Twitter, June 25, 2021, https://twitter.com/CDCgov/status/1408462933793853443. I originally viewed this tweet while the poll was ongoing. I accessed it again on September 13, 2021, and archived it at https://web.archive.org/web/20210913145743/https://twitter.com/CDCgov/status/1408462933793853443.

[17] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “True!”, Twitter, June 25, 2021, https://twitter.com/CDCgov/status/1408518303614648326. I originally viewed this tweet while the poll was ongoing. I accessed it again on September 13, 2021, and archived it at https://web.archive.org/web/20210913150259/https://twitter.com/CDCgov/status/1408518303614648326.

[18] CDC, “If you’ve already had #COVID19 and recovered”.

[19] Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, “COVID‑19 Vaccines: Frequently Asked Questions”, Michigan.gov, updated August 24, 2021, accessed on September 13, 2021, and archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20210830173435/https://www.michigan.gov/documents/coronavirus/COVID-19_Vaccine_Public_FAQ_FINAL_710077_7.pdf. “If I already had COVID‑19, should I get vaccinated? Shouldn’t I be immune?”, Michigan.gov, accessed on September 13, 2021, and archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20210913151640/https://www.michigan.gov/coronavirus/0,9753,7-406-98810-549993–,00.html.

[20] Munson Healthcare, “COVID‑19 Vaccine Myths”, MunsonHealthcare.org, accessed on September 13, 2021, and archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20210913151938/https://www.munsonhealthcare.org/community-health/covid19/covid19-vaccine/covid-19-vaccine-myths.  

[21] Munson Healthcare, “Is It Safe to Be Without Your Mask?” MunsonHealthcare.org, June 21, 2021; accessed on July 2, 2021, and archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20210702021148/https://www.munsonhealthcare.org/blog/is-it-safe-to-be-without-your-mask.

[22] CDC, “When You’ve Been Fully Vaccinated”, updated July 27, 2021, archived on July 28, 2021, at https://web.archive.org/web/20210728000739/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/fully-vaccinated.html. CDC, “Interim Public Health Recommendations for Fully Vaccinated People”, updated July 27, 2021, archived on July 28, 2021, at https://web.archive.org/web/20210728002307/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/fully-vaccinated-guidance.html.

[23] Munson Healthcare, “Is It Safe to Be Without Your Mask?”, updated on August 12, 2021, accessed on August 30, 2021, and archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20210830175505/https://www.munsonhealthcare.org/blog/is-it-safe-to-be-without-your-mask.

[24] Blue Cross Blue Shield, “Your questions about the COVID‑19 vaccines, answered”, BCBS.com, March 9, 2021, accessed on September 13, 2021, and archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20210913153159/https://www.bcbs.com/coronavirus-updates/stories/your-questions-about-the-covid-19-vaccines-answered.  

[25] Anthem Blue Cross Blue Shield, “COVID‑19 Vaccines Myths and Facts: Part 2”, April 22, 2021, accessed on September 13, 2021, and archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20210913153510/https://www.anthem.com/coronavirus/blog/vaccine-myths-part-2/.   

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